.. Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
..
.. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
.. you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
.. You may obtain a copy of the License at
..
..     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
..
.. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
.. distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
.. WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
.. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
.. limitations under the License.

Instant Messaging
=================

.. _module:im:

This module adds support for sending human-readable messages to a room. It also
adds support for associating human-readable information with the room itself
such as a room name and topic.

Events
------

{{m_room_message_event}}

{{m_room_message_feedback_event}}

Usage of this event is discouraged for several reasons:
 - The number of feedback events will grow very quickly with the number of users
   in the room. This event provides no way to "batch" feedback, unlike the
   `receipts module`_.
 - Pairing feedback to messages gets complicated when paginating as feedback
   arrives before the message it is acknowledging.
 - There are no guarantees that the client has seen the event ID being
   acknowledged.


.. _`receipts module`: `module:receipts`_

{{m_room_name_event}}

{{m_room_topic_event}}

{{m_room_avatar_event}}

m.room.message msgtypes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Each `m.room.message`_ MUST have a ``msgtype`` key which identifies the type
of message being sent. Each type has their own required and optional keys, as
outlined below. If a client cannot display the given ``msgtype`` then it SHOULD
display the fallback plain text ``body`` key instead.

{{msgtype_events}}


Client behaviour
----------------

Clients SHOULD verify the structure of incoming events to ensure that the
expected keys exist and that they are of the right type. Clients can discard
malformed events or display a placeholder message to the user. Redacted
``m.room.message`` events MUST be removed from the client. This can either be
replaced with placeholder text (e.g. "[REDACTED]") or the redacted message can
be removed entirely from the messages view.

Events which have attachments (e.g. ``m.image``, ``m.file``) SHOULD be
uploaded using the `content repository module`_ where available. The
resulting ``mxc://`` URI can then be used in the ``url`` key.

.. _`content repository module`: `module:content`_

Recommendations when sending messages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In the event of send failure, clients SHOULD retry requests using an
exponential-backoff algorithm for a
certain amount of time T. It is recommended that T is no longer than 5 minutes.
After this time, the client should stop retrying and mark the message as "unsent".
Users should be able to manually resend unsent messages.

Users may type several messages at once and send them all in quick succession.
Clients SHOULD preserve the order in which they were sent by the user. This
means that clients should wait for the response to the previous request before
sending the next request. This can lead to head-of-line blocking. In order to
reduce the impact of head-of-line blocking, clients should use a queue per room
rather than a global queue, as ordering is only relevant within a single room
rather than between rooms.

Local echo
~~~~~~~~~~

Messages SHOULD appear immediately in the message view when a user presses the
"send" button. This should occur even if the message is still sending. This is
referred to as "local echo". Clients SHOULD implement "local echo" of messages.
Clients MAY display messages in a different format to indicate that the server
has not processed the message. This format should be removed when the server
responds.

Clients need to be able to match the message they are sending with the same
message which they receive from the event stream. The echo of the same message
from the event stream is referred to as "remote echo". Both echoes need to be
identified as the same message in order to prevent duplicate messages being
displayed. Ideally this pairing would occur transparently to the user: the UI
would not flicker as it transitions from local to remote. Flickering cannot be
fully avoided in the current client-server API. Two scenarios need to be
considered:

- The client sends a message and the remote echo arrives on the event stream
  *after* the request to send the message completes.
- The client sends a message and the remote echo arrives on the event stream
  *before* the request to send the message completes.

In the first scenario, the client will receive an event ID when the request to
send the message completes. This ID can be used to identify the duplicate event
when it arrives on the event stream. However, in the second scenario, the event
arrives before the client has obtained an event ID. This makes it impossible to
identify it as a duplicate event. This results in the client displaying the
message twice for a fraction of a second before the the original request to send
the message completes. Once it completes, the client can take remedial actions
to remove the duplicate event by looking for duplicate event IDs. A future version
of the client-server API will resolve this by attaching the transaction ID of the
sending request to the event itself.


Calculating the display name for a user
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Clients may wish to show the human-readable display name of a room member as
part of a membership list, or when they send a message. However, different
members may have conflicting display names. Display names MUST be disambiguated
before showing them to the user, in order to prevent spoofing of other users.

To ensure this is done consistently across clients, clients SHOULD use the
following algorithm to calculate a disambiguated display name for a given user:

1. Inspect the ``m.room.member`` state event for the relevant user id.
2. If the ``m.room.member`` state event has no ``displayname`` field, or if
   that field has a ``null`` value, use the raw user id as the display
   name. Otherwise:
3. If the ``m.room.member`` event has a ``displayname`` which is unique among
   members of the room with ``membership: join`` or ``membership: invite``, use
   the given ``displayname`` as the user-visible display name. Otherwise:
4. The ``m.room.member`` event has a non-unique ``displayname``. This should be
   disambiguated using the user id, for example "display name
   (@id:homeserver.org)".

   .. TODO-spec
     what does it mean for a ``displayname`` to be 'unique'? Are we
     case-sensitive?  Do we care about homograph attacks? See
     https://matrix.org/jira/browse/SPEC-221.

Developers should take note of the following when implementing the above
algorithm:

* The user-visible display name of one member can be affected by changes in the
  state of another member. For example, if ``@user1:matrix.org`` is present in
  a room, with ``displayname: Alice``, then when ``@user2:example.com`` joins
  the room, also with ``displayname: Alice``, *both* users must be given
  disambiguated display names. Similarly, when one of the users then changes
  their display name, there is no longer a clash, and *both* users can be given
  their chosen display name. Clients should be alert to this possibility and
  ensure that all affected users are correctly renamed.

* The display name of a room may also be affected by changes in the membership
  list. This is due to the room name sometimes being based on user display
  names (see `Calculating the display name for a room`_).

* If the entire membership list is searched for clashing display names, this
  leads to an O(N^2) implementation for building the list of room members. This
  will be very inefficient for rooms with large numbers of members. It is
  recommended that client implementations maintain a hash table mapping from
  ``displayname`` to a list of room members using that name. Such a table can
  then be used for efficient calculation of whether disambiguation is needed.


Displaying membership information with messages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Clients may wish to show the display name and avatar URL of the room member who
sent a message. This can be achieved by inspecting the ``m.room.member`` state
event for that user ID (see `Calculating the display name for a user`_).

When a user paginates the message history, clients may wish to show the
**historical** display name and avatar URL for a room member. This is possible
because older ``m.room.member`` events are returned when paginating. This can
be implemented efficiently by keeping two sets of room state: old and current.
As new events arrive and/or the user paginates back in time, these two sets of
state diverge from each other. New events update the current state and paginated
events update the old state. When paginated events are processed sequentially,
the old state represents the state of the room *at the time the event was sent*.
This can then be used to set the historical display name and avatar URL.


Calculating the display name for a room
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Clients may wish to show a human-readable name for a room. There are a number
of possibilities for choosing a useful name. To ensure that rooms are named
consistently across clients, clients SHOULD use the following algorithm to
choose a name:

1. If the room has an `m.room.name`_ state event with a non-empty ``name``
   field, use the name given by that field.

#. If the room has an `m.room.canonical_alias`_ state event with a non-empty
   ``alias`` field, use the alias given by that field as the name.

#. If neither of the above conditions are met, a name should be composed based
   on the members of the room. Clients should consider `m.room.member`_ events
   for users other than the logged-in user, with ``membership: join`` or
   ``membership: invite``.

   .. _active_members:

   i. If there is only one such event, the display name for the room should be
      the `disambiguated display name`_ of the corresponding user.

   #. If there are two such events, they should be lexicographically sorted by
      their ``state_key`` (i.e. the corresponding user IDs), and the display
      name for the room should be the  `disambiguated display name`_ of both
      users: "<user1> and <user2>", or a localised variant thereof.

   #. If there are three or more such events, the display name for the room
      should be based on the disambiguated display name of the user
      corresponding to the first such event, under a lexicographical sorting
      according to their ``state_key``. The display name should be in the
      format "<user1> and <N> others" (or a localised variant thereof), where N
      is the number of `m.room.member`_ events with ``membership: join`` or
      ``membership: invite``, excluding the logged-in user and "user1".

      For example, if Alice joins a room, where Bob (whose user id is
      ``@superuser:example.com``), Carol (user id ``@carol:example.com``) and
      Dan (user id ``@dan:matrix.org``) are in conversation, Alice's
      client should show the room name as "Carol and 2 others".

   .. TODO-spec
     Sorting by user_id certainly isn't ideal, as IDs at the start of the
     alphabet will end up dominating room names: they will all be called
     "Arathorn and 15 others". Furthermore - user_ids are not necessarily
     ASCII, which means we need to either specify a collation order, or specify
     how to choose one.

     Ideally we might sort by the time when the user was first invited to, or
     first joined the room. But we don't have this information.

     See https://matrix.org/jira/browse/SPEC-267 for further discussion.

#. If the room has no valid ``m.room.name`` or ``m.room.canonical_alias``
   event, and no active members other than the current user, clients should
   consider ``m.room.member`` events with ``membership: leave``. If such events
   exist, a display name such as "Empty room (was <user1> and <N> others)" (or
   a localised variant thereof) should be used, following similar rules as for
   active members (see `above <active_members_>`_).

#. A complete absence of room name, canonical alias, and room members is likely
   to indicate a problem with creating the room or synchronising the state
   table; however clients should still handle this situation. A display name
   such as "Empty room" (or a localised variant thereof) should be used in this
   situation.

.. _`disambiguated display name`: `Calculating the display name for a user`_

Clients SHOULD NOT use `m.room.aliases`_ events as a source for room names, as
it is difficult for clients to agree on the best alias to use, and aliases can
change unexpectedly.

.. TODO-spec
  How can we make this less painful for clients to implement, without forcing
  an English-language implementation on them all? See
  https://matrix.org/jira/browse/SPEC-425.

Server behaviour
----------------

Homeservers SHOULD reject ``m.room.message`` events which don't have a
``msgtype`` key, or which don't have a textual ``body`` key, with an HTTP status
code of 400.

Security considerations
-----------------------

Messages sent using this module are not encrypted, although end to end encryption is in development (see `E2E module`_).

Clients should sanitise **all displayed keys** for unsafe HTML to prevent Cross-Site
Scripting (XSS) attacks. This includes room names and topics.

.. _`E2E module`: `module:e2e`_
