---
type: module
weight: 10
---

### Instant Messaging

This module adds support for sending human-readable messages to a room.
It also adds support for associating human-readable information with the
room itself such as a room name and topic.

#### Events

{{% event event="m.room.message" %}}

{{% event event="m.room.message.feedback" %}}

Usage of this event is discouraged for several reasons:  
-   The number of feedback events will grow very quickly with the number
    of users in the room. This event provides no way to "batch"
    feedback, unlike the [receipts module](#receipts).
-   Pairing feedback to messages gets complicated when paginating as
    feedback arrives before the message it is acknowledging.
-   There are no guarantees that the client has seen the event ID being
    acknowledged.

{{% event event="m.room.name" %}}

{{% event event="m.room.topic" %}}

{{% event event="m.room.avatar" %}}

{{% event event="m.room.pinned_events" %}}

##### m.room.message msgtypes

Each [m.room.message](#m.room.message) MUST have a `msgtype` key which identifies the
type of message being sent. Each type has their own required and
optional keys, as outlined below. If a client cannot display the given
`msgtype` then it SHOULD display the fallback plain text `body` key
instead.

Some message types support HTML in the event content that clients should
prefer to display if available. Currently `m.text`, `m.emote`, and
`m.notice` support an additional `format` parameter of
`org.matrix.custom.html`. When this field is present, a `formatted_body`
with the HTML must be provided. The plain text version of the HTML
should be provided in the `body`.

Clients should limit the HTML they render to avoid Cross-Site Scripting,
HTML injection, and similar attacks. The strongly suggested set of HTML
tags to permit, denying the use and rendering of anything else, is:
`font`, `del`, `h1`, `h2`, `h3`, `h4`, `h5`, `h6`, `blockquote`, `p`,
`a`, `ul`, `ol`, `sup`, `sub`, `li`, `b`, `i`, `u`, `strong`, `em`,
`strike`, `code`, `hr`, `br`, `div`, `table`, `thead`, `tbody`, `tr`,
`th`, `td`, `caption`, `pre`, `span`, `img`.

Not all attributes on those tags should be permitted as they may be
avenues for other disruption attempts, such as adding `onclick` handlers
or excessively large text. Clients should only permit the attributes
listed for the tags below. Where `data-mx-bg-color` and `data-mx-color`
are listed, clients should translate the value (a 6-character hex color
code) to the appropriate CSS/attributes for the tag.

`font`  
`data-mx-bg-color`, `data-mx-color`

`span`  
`data-mx-bg-color`, `data-mx-color`

`a`  
`name`, `target`, `href` (provided the value is not relative and has a
scheme matching one of: `https`, `http`, `ftp`, `mailto`, `magnet`)

`img`  
`width`, `height`, `alt`, `title`, `src` (provided it is a [Matrix
Content (MXC) URI](#matrix-content-mxc-uris))

`ol`  
`start`

`code`  
`class` (only classes which start with `language-` for syntax
highlighting)

Additionally, web clients should ensure that *all* `a` tags get a
`rel="noopener"` to prevent the target page from referencing the
client's tab/window.

Tags must not be nested more than 100 levels deep. Clients should only
support the subset of tags they can render, falling back to other
representations of the tags where possible. For example, a client may
not be able to render tables correctly and instead could fall back to
rendering tab-delimited text.

In addition to not rendering unsafe HTML, clients should not emit unsafe
HTML in events. Likewise, clients should not generate HTML that is not
needed, such as extra paragraph tags surrounding text due to Rich Text
Editors. HTML included in events should otherwise be valid, such as
having appropriate closing tags, appropriate attributes (considering the
custom ones defined in this specification), and generally valid
structure.

A special tag, `mx-reply`, may appear on rich replies (described below)
and should be allowed if, and only if, the tag appears as the very first
tag in the `formatted_body`. The tag cannot be nested and cannot be
located after another tag in the tree. Because the tag contains HTML, an
`mx-reply` is expected to have a partner closing tag and should be
treated similar to a `div`. Clients that support rich replies will end
up stripping the tag and its contents and therefore may wish to exclude
the tag entirely.

{{% boxes/note %}}
A future iteration of the specification will support more powerful and
extensible message formatting options, such as the proposal
[MSC1767](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/1767).
{{% /boxes/note %}}

{{% msgtypes %}}

#### Client behaviour

Clients SHOULD verify the structure of incoming events to ensure that
the expected keys exist and that they are of the right type. Clients can
discard malformed events or display a placeholder message to the user.
Redacted `m.room.message` events MUST be removed from the client. This
can either be replaced with placeholder text (e.g. "\[REDACTED\]") or
the redacted message can be removed entirely from the messages view.

Events which have attachments (e.g. `m.image`, `m.file`) SHOULD be
uploaded using the [content repository module](#content-repository)
where available. The resulting `mxc://` URI can then be used in the `url`
key.

Clients MAY include a client generated thumbnail image for an attachment
under a `info.thumbnail_url` key. The thumbnail SHOULD also be a
`mxc://` URI. Clients displaying events with attachments can either use
the client generated thumbnail or ask its homeserver to generate a
thumbnail from the original attachment using the [content repository
module](#content-repository).

##### Recommendations when sending messages

In the event of send failure, clients SHOULD retry requests using an
exponential-backoff algorithm for a certain amount of time T. It is
recommended that T is no longer than 5 minutes. After this time, the
client should stop retrying and mark the message as "unsent". Users
should be able to manually resend unsent messages.

Users may type several messages at once and send them all in quick
succession. Clients SHOULD preserve the order in which they were sent by
the user. This means that clients should wait for the response to the
previous request before sending the next request. This can lead to
head-of-line blocking. In order to reduce the impact of head-of-line
blocking, clients should use a queue per room rather than a global
queue, as ordering is only relevant within a single room rather than
between rooms.

##### Local echo

Messages SHOULD appear immediately in the message view when a user
presses the "send" button. This should occur even if the message is
still sending. This is referred to as "local echo". Clients SHOULD
implement "local echo" of messages. Clients MAY display messages in a
different format to indicate that the server has not processed the
message. This format should be removed when the server responds.

Clients need to be able to match the message they are sending with the
same message which they receive from the event stream. The echo of the
same message from the event stream is referred to as "remote echo". Both
echoes need to be identified as the same message in order to prevent
duplicate messages being displayed. Ideally this pairing would occur
transparently to the user: the UI would not flicker as it transitions
from local to remote. Flickering can be reduced through clients making
use of the transaction ID they used to send a particular event. The
transaction ID used will be included in the event's `unsigned` data as
`transaction_id` when it arrives through the event stream.

Clients unable to make use of the transaction ID are likely to
experience flickering when the remote echo arrives on the event stream
*before* the request to send the message completes. In that case the
event arrives before the client has obtained an event ID, making it
impossible to identify it as a remote echo. This results in the client
displaying the message twice for some time (depending on the server
responsiveness) before the original request to send the message
completes. Once it completes, the client can take remedial actions to
remove the duplicate event by looking for duplicate event IDs.

##### Calculating the display name for a user

Clients may wish to show the human-readable display name of a room
member as part of a membership list, or when they send a message.
However, different members may have conflicting display names. Display
names MUST be disambiguated before showing them to the user, in order to
prevent spoofing of other users.

To ensure this is done consistently across clients, clients SHOULD use
the following algorithm to calculate a disambiguated display name for a
given user:

1.  Inspect the `m.room.member` state event for the relevant user id.
2.  If the `m.room.member` state event has no `displayname` field, or if
    that field has a `null` value, use the raw user id as the display
    name. Otherwise:
3.  If the `m.room.member` event has a `displayname` which is unique
    among members of the room with `membership: join` or
    `membership: invite`, use the given `displayname` as the
    user-visible display name. Otherwise:
4.  The `m.room.member` event has a non-unique `displayname`. This
    should be disambiguated using the user id, for example "display name
    (@id:homeserver.org)".

Developers should take note of the following when implementing the above
algorithm:

-   The user-visible display name of one member can be affected by
    changes in the state of another member. For example, if
    `@user1:matrix.org` is present in a room, with `displayname: Alice`,
    then when `@user2:example.com` joins the room, also with
    `displayname: Alice`, *both* users must be given disambiguated
    display names. Similarly, when one of the users then changes their
    display name, there is no longer a clash, and *both* users can be
    given their chosen display name. Clients should be alert to this
    possibility and ensure that all affected users are correctly
    renamed.
-   The display name of a room may also be affected by changes in the
    membership list. This is due to the room name sometimes being based
    on user display names (see [Calculating the display name for a
    room](#calculating-the-display-name-for-a-room)).
-   If the entire membership list is searched for clashing display
    names, this leads to an O(N^2) implementation for building the list
    of room members. This will be very inefficient for rooms with large
    numbers of members. It is recommended that client implementations
    maintain a hash table mapping from `displayname` to a list of room
    members using that name. Such a table can then be used for efficient
    calculation of whether disambiguation is needed.

##### Displaying membership information with messages

Clients may wish to show the display name and avatar URL of the room
member who sent a message. This can be achieved by inspecting the
`m.room.member` state event for that user ID (see [Calculating the
display name for a user](#calculating-the-display-name-for-a-user)).

When a user paginates the message history, clients may wish to show the
**historical** display name and avatar URL for a room member. This is
possible because older `m.room.member` events are returned when
paginating. This can be implemented efficiently by keeping two sets of
room state: old and current. As new events arrive and/or the user
paginates back in time, these two sets of state diverge from each other.
New events update the current state and paginated events update the old
state. When paginated events are processed sequentially, the old state
represents the state of the room *at the time the event was sent*. This
can then be used to set the historical display name and avatar URL.

##### Calculating the display name for a room

Clients may wish to show a human-readable name for a room. There are a
number of possibilities for choosing a useful name. To ensure that rooms
are named consistently across clients, clients SHOULD use the following
algorithm to choose a name:

1.  If the room has an [m.room.name](#m.room.name) state event with a non-empty
    `name` field, use the name given by that field.
2.  If the room has an [m.room.canonical\_alias](#m.room.canonical_alias) state event with a
    valid `alias` field, use the alias given by that field as the name.
    Note that clients should avoid using `alt_aliases` when calculating
    the room name.
3.  If none of the above conditions are met, a name should be composed
    based on the members of the room. Clients should consider
    [m.room.member](#m.room.member) events for users other than the logged-in user, as
    defined below.
    1.  If the number of `m.heroes` for the room are greater or equal to
        `m.joined_member_count + m.invited_member_count - 1`, then use
        the membership events for the heroes to calculate display names
        for the users ([disambiguating them if
        required](#calculating-the-display-name-for-a-user)) and
        concatenating them. For example, the client may choose to show
        "Alice, Bob, and Charlie (@charlie:example.org)" as the room
        name. The client may optionally limit the number of users it
        uses to generate a room name.
    2.  If there are fewer heroes than
        `m.joined_member_count + m.invited_member_count - 1`, and
        `m.joined_member_count + m.invited_member_count` is greater than
        1, the client should use the heroes to calculate display names
        for the users ([disambiguating them if
        required](#calculating-the-display-name-for-a-user)) and
        concatenating them alongside a count of the remaining users. For
        example, "Alice, Bob, and 1234 others".
    3.  If `m.joined_member_count + m.invited_member_count` is less than
        or equal to 1 (indicating the member is alone), the client
        should use the rules above to indicate that the room was empty.
        For example, "Empty Room (was Alice)", "Empty Room (was Alice
        and 1234 others)", or "Empty Room" if there are no heroes.

Clients SHOULD internationalise the room name to the user's language
when using the `m.heroes` to calculate the name. Clients SHOULD use
minimum 5 heroes to calculate room names where possible, but may use
more or less to fit better with their user experience.

##### Rich replies

In some cases, events may wish to reference other events. This could be
to form a thread of messages for the user to follow along with, or to
provide more context as to what a particular event is describing.
Currently, the only kind of relation defined is a "rich reply" where a
user may reference another message to create a thread-like conversation.

Relationships are defined under an `m.relates_to` key in the event's
`content`. If the event is of the type `m.room.encrypted`, the
`m.relates_to` key MUST NOT be covered by the encryption and instead be
put alongside the encryption information held in the `content`.

A rich reply is formed through use of an `m.relates_to` relation for
`m.in_reply_to` where a single key, `event_id`, is used to reference the
event being replied to. The referenced event ID SHOULD belong to the
same room where the reply is being sent. Clients should be cautious of
the event ID belonging to another room, or being invalid entirely. Rich
replies can only be constructed in the form of `m.room.message` events
with a `msgtype` of `m.text` or `m.notice`. Due to the fallback
requirements, rich replies cannot be constructed for types of `m.emote`,
`m.file`, etc. Rich replies may reference any other `m.room.message`
event, however. Rich replies may reference another event which also has
a rich reply, infinitely.

An `m.in_reply_to` relationship looks like the following:

```
{
  ...
  "type": "m.room.message",
  "content": {
    "msgtype": "m.text",
    "body": "<body including fallback>",
    "format": "org.matrix.custom.html",
    "formatted_body": "<HTML including fallback>",
    "m.relates_to": {
      "m.in_reply_to": {
        "event_id": "$another:event.com"
      }
    }
  }
}
```

##### Fallbacks for rich replies

Some clients may not have support for rich replies and therefore need a
fallback to use instead. Clients that do not support rich replies should
render the event as if rich replies were not special.

Clients that do support rich replies MUST provide the fallback format on
replies, and MUST strip the fallback before rendering the reply. Rich
replies MUST have a `format` of `org.matrix.custom.html` and therefore a
`formatted_body` alongside the `body` and appropriate `msgtype`. The
specific fallback text is different for each `msgtype`, however the
general format for the `body` is:

    > <@alice:example.org> This is the original body

    This is where the reply goes

The `formatted_body` should use the following template:

    <mx-reply>
      <blockquote>
        <a href="https://matrix.to/#/!somewhere:example.org/$event:example.org">In reply to</a>
        <a href="https://matrix.to/#/@alice:example.org">@alice:example.org</a>
        <br />
        <!-- This is where the related event's HTML would be. -->
      </blockquote>
    </mx-reply>
    This is where the reply goes.

If the related event does not have a `formatted_body`, the event's
`body` should be considered after encoding any HTML special characters.
Note that the `href` in both of the anchors use a [matrix.to
URI](/appendices#matrixto-navigation).

###### Stripping the fallback

Clients which support rich replies MUST strip the fallback from the
event before rendering the event. This is because the text provided in
the fallback cannot be trusted to be an accurate representation of the
event. After removing the fallback, clients are recommended to represent
the event referenced by `m.in_reply_to` similar to the fallback's
representation, although clients do have creative freedom for their user
interface. Clients should prefer the `formatted_body` over the `body`,
just like with other `m.room.message` events.

To strip the fallback on the `body`, the client should iterate over each
line of the string, removing any lines that start with the fallback
prefix ("&gt; ", including the space, without quotes) and stopping when
a line is encountered without the prefix. This prefix is known as the
"fallback prefix sequence".

To strip the fallback on the `formatted_body`, the client should remove
the entirety of the `mx-reply` tag.

###### Fallback for `m.text`, `m.notice`, and unrecognised message types

Using the prefix sequence, the first line of the related event's `body`
should be prefixed with the user's ID, followed by each line being
prefixed with the fallback prefix sequence. For example:

    > <@alice:example.org> This is the first line
    > This is the second line

    This is the reply

The `formatted_body` uses the template defined earlier in this section.

###### Fallback for `m.emote`

Similar to the fallback for `m.text`, each line gets prefixed with the
fallback prefix sequence. However an asterisk should be inserted before
the user's ID, like so:

    > * <@alice:example.org> feels like today is going to be a great day

    This is the reply

The `formatted_body` has a subtle difference for the template where the
asterisk is also inserted ahead of the user's ID:

    <mx-reply>
      <blockquote>
        <a href="https://matrix.to/#/!somewhere:example.org/$event:example.org">In reply to</a>
        * <a href="https://matrix.to/#/@alice:example.org">@alice:example.org</a>
        <br />
        <!-- This is where the related event's HTML would be. -->
      </blockquote>
    </mx-reply>
    This is where the reply goes.

###### Fallback for `m.image`, `m.video`, `m.audio`, and `m.file`

The related event's `body` would be a file name, which may not be very
descriptive. The related event should additionally not have a `format`
or `formatted_body` in the `content` - if the event does have a `format`
and/or `formatted_body`, those fields should be ignored. Because the
filename alone may not be descriptive, the related event's `body` should
be considered to be `"sent a file."` such that the output looks similar
to the following:

    > <@alice:example.org> sent a file.

    This is the reply

    <mx-reply>
      <blockquote>
        <a href="https://matrix.to/#/!somewhere:example.org/$event:example.org">In reply to</a>
        <a href="https://matrix.to/#/@alice:example.org">@alice:example.org</a>
        <br />
        sent a file.
      </blockquote>
    </mx-reply>
    This is where the reply goes.

For `m.image`, the text should be `"sent an image."`. For `m.video`, the
text should be `"sent a video."`. For `m.audio`, the text should be
`"sent an audio file"`.

#### Server behaviour

Homeservers SHOULD reject `m.room.message` events which don't have a
`msgtype` key, or which don't have a textual `body` key, with an HTTP
status code of 400.

#### Security considerations

Messages sent using this module are not encrypted, although end to end
encryption is in development (see [E2E module](#end-to-end-encryption)).

Clients should sanitise **all displayed keys** for unsafe HTML to
prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks. This includes room names and
topics.
