playwright/docs/src/aria-snapshot.md

---
id: aria-snapshot
title: "Accessibility Snapshots"
---

## Overview

In Playwright, accessibility snapshots provide a YAML representation of the accessible elements on a page.
These snapshots can be stored and compared later to verify if the page structure remains consistent or meets defined
expectations.

The YAML format describes the hierarchical structure of accessible elements on the page, detailing **roles**,
**attributes**, **values**, and **text content**. The structure follows a tree-like syntax, where each node represents
an accessible element, and indentation indicates nested elements.

Following is a simple example of an accessibility snapshot for the playwright.dev homepage:

```yaml
- banner:
  - heading /Playwright enables reliable/ [level=1]
  - link "Get started"
  - link "Star microsoft/playwright on GitHub"
- main:
  - img "Browsers (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit)"
  - heading "Any browser • Any platform • One API"
```

Each accessible element in the tree is represented as a YAML node:

```yaml
- role "name" [attribute=value]
```

- **role**: Specifies the ARIA or HTML role of the element (e.g., `heading`, `list`, `listitem`, `button`).
- **"name"**: Accessible name of the element. Quoted strings indicate exact values, or regular expression.
- **[attribute=value]**: Attributes and values, in square brackets, represent specific ARIA attributes, such
  as `checked`, `disabled`, `expanded`, `level`, `pressed`, or `selected`.

These values are derived from ARIA attributes or calculated based on HTML semantics. To inspect the accessibility tree
structure of a page, use the [Chrome DevTools Accessibility Pane](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/accessibility/reference#pane).


## Snapshot Matching

The [`method: LocatorAssertions.toMatchAriaSnapshot`] assertion method in Playwright compares the accessible
structure of a page with a predefined accessibility snapshot template, helping validate the page's accessibility
state against testing requirements.

For the following DOM:

```html
<h1>title</h1>
```

You can match it using the following snapshot template:

```js
await expect(page.locator('body')).toMatchAriaSnapshot(`
  - heading "title"
`);
```

```python sync
page.locator("body").to_match_aria_snapshot("""
  - heading "title"
""")
```

```python async
await page.locator("body").to_match_aria_snapshot("""
  - heading "title"
""")
```

```java
page.locator("body").expect().toMatchAriaSnapshot("""
  - heading "title"
""");
```

```csharp
await Expect(page.Locator("body")).ToMatchAriaSnapshotAsync(@"
  - heading ""title""
");
```

When matching, the snapshot template is compared to the current accessibility tree of the page:

* If the tree structure matches the template, the test passes; otherwise, it fails, indicating a mismatch between
  expected and actual accessibility states.
* The comparison is case-sensitive and collapses whitespace, so indentation and line breaks are ignored.
* The comparison is order-sensitive, meaning the order of elements in the snapshot template must match the order in the
  page's accessibility tree.


### Partial Matching

You can perform partial matches on nodes by omitting attributes or accessible names, enabling verification of specific
parts of the accessibility tree without requiring exact matches. This flexibility is helpful for dynamic or irrelevant
attributes.

```html
<button>Submit</button>
```


```yaml
# accessibility snapshot
- button
```

In this example, the button role is matched, but the accessible name ("Submit") is not specified, allowing the test to
pass regardless of the button’s label.

<hr/>

For elements with ARIA attributes like `checked` or `disabled`, omitting these attributes allows partial matching,
focusing solely on role and hierarchy.

```html
<input type="checkbox" checked>
<input type="checkbox">
```

*accessibility tree for partial match*

```yaml
- checkbox
```

In this partial match, the `checked` attribute is ignored, so the test will pass regardless of the checkbox state.

<hr/>

Similarly, you can partially match children in lists or groups by omitting specific list items or nested elements.

```html
<ul>
  <li>Feature A</li>
  <li>Feature B</li>
  <li>Feature C</li>
</ul>
```

*accessibility tree for partial match*

```yaml
- list
  - listitem: Feature B
```

Partial matches let you create flexible accessibility tests that verify essential page structure without enforcing
specific content or attributes.

### Matching with Regular Expressions

Regular expressions allow flexible matching for elements with dynamic or variable text. Accessible names and text can
support regex patterns.

```html
<h1>Issues 12</h1>
```

*accessibility tree with regular expression*

```yaml
- heading /Issues \d+/
```


## Generating Snapshots

Creating accessibility snapshots in Playwright helps ensure and maintain your application’s structure.
You can generate snapshots in various ways depending on your testing setup and workflow.

### 1. Using the `Locator.ariaSnapshot` Method

The [`method: Locator.ariaSnapshot`] method allows you to programmatically create a YAML representation of accessible
elements within a locator’s scope, especially helpful for generating snapshots dynamically during test execution.

**Example**:

```js
const snapshot = await page.locator('body').ariaSnapshot();
console.log(snapshot);
```

```python sync
snapshot = page.locator("body").aria_snapshot()
print(snapshot)
```

```python async
snapshot = await page.locator("body").aria_snapshot()
print(snapshot)
```

```java
String snapshot = page.locator("body").ariaSnapshot();
System.out.println(snapshot);
```

```csharp
var snapshot = await page.Locator("body").AriaSnapshotAsync();
Console.WriteLine(snapshot);
```

This command outputs the accessibility tree within the specified locator’s scope in YAML format, which you can validate
or store as needed.

### 2. Generating Snapshots with the Playwright Code Generator

If you’re using Playwright’s [Code Generator](./codegen.md), generating accessibility snapshots is streamlined with its
interactive interface:

- **"Assert Snapshot" Action**: In the code generator, you can select elements and use the "Assert snapshot" action to
automatically create a snapshot assertion for those elements. This is a quick way to capture the accessibility structure
as part of your recorded test flow.
  
- **"Accessibility" Tab**: The "Accessibility" tab within the code generator interface visually represents the
accessibility tree for a selected locator, letting you explore, inspect, and verify element roles, attributes, and
accessible names to aid snapshot creation and review.

### 3. Updating Snapshots with `@playwright/test` and the `--update-snapshots` Flag
* langs: js

When using the Playwright test runner (`@playwright/test`), you can automatically update snapshots by running tests with
the `--update-snapshots` flag:

```bash
npx playwright test --update-snapshots
```

This command regenerates snapshots for assertions, including accessibility snapshots, replacing outdated ones. It’s
useful when application structure changes require new snapshots as a baseline. Note that Playwright will wait for the
maximum timeout specified in the test runner configuration to ensure the page is fully loaded before taking the
snapshot. It might be necessary to adjust the `--timeout` if the test hits the timeout
while generating snapshots.

#### Empty Template for Snapshot Generation

Passing an empty string as the template in an assertion generates a snapshot on-the-fly:

```js
await expect(locator).toMatchAriaSnapshot('');
```

Note that Playwright will wait for the maximum timeout specified in the test runner configuration to ensure the page is
fully loaded before taking the snapshot. It might be necessary to adjust the `--timeout` if the test hits the timeout
while generating snapshots.

#### Snapshot Patch Files

When updating snapshots, Playwright creates patch files that capture differences. These patch files can be reviewed,
approved, and committed to source control, allowing teams to track structural changes over time and ensure updates are
consistent with application requirements.

## Accessibility Tree Examples

### Headings with Level Attributes

Headings can include a `level` attribute indicating their heading level.

```html
<h1>Title</h1>
<h2>Subtitle</h2>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- heading "Title" [level=1]
- heading "Subtitle" [level=2]
```

### Text Nodes

Standalone or descriptive text elements appear as text nodes.

```html
<div>Sample accessible name</div>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- text: Sample accessible name
```

### Inline Multiline Text

Multiline text, such as paragraphs, is normalized in the accessibility tree.

```html
<p>Line 1<br>Line 2</p>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- paragraph: Line 1 Line 2
```

### Links

Links display their text or composed content from pseudo-elements.

```html
<a href="#more-info">Read more about Accessibility</a>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- link "Read more about Accessibility"
```

### Text boxes

Input elements of type `text` show their `value` attribute content.

```html
<input type="text" value="Enter your name">
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- textbox: Enter your name
```

### Lists with Items

Ordered and unordered lists include their list items.

```html
<ul aria-label="Main Features">
  <li>Feature 1</li>
  <li>Feature 2</li>
</ul>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- list "Main Features":
  - listitem: Feature 1
  - listitem: Feature 2
```

### Grouped Elements

Groups capture nested elements, such as `<details>` elements with summary content.

```html
<details>
  <summary>Summary</summary>
  <p>Detail content here</p>
</details>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- group: Summary
```

### Attributes and States

Commonly used ARIA attributes, like `checked`, `disabled`, `expanded`, `level`, `pressed`, and `selected`, represent
control states.

#### Checkbox with `checked` Attribute

```html
<input type="checkbox" checked>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- checkbox [checked=true]
```

#### Button with `pressed` Attribute

```html
<button aria-pressed="true">Toggle</button>
```

*accessibility tree*

```yaml
- button "Toggle" [pressed=true]
```