diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dom.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dom.ts
index 8e65c7c67f..962f385c90 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dom.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dom.ts
@@ -778,7 +778,9 @@ export class ElementHandle<T extends Node = Node> extends js.JSHandle<T> {
   async _setChecked(progress: Progress, state: boolean, options: { position?: types.Point } & types.PointerActionWaitOptions): Promise<'error:notconnected' | 'done'> {
     const isChecked = async () => {
       const result = await this.evaluateInUtility(([injected, node]) => injected.elementState(node, 'checked'), {});
-      return throwRetargetableDOMError(result);
+      if (result === 'error:notconnected' || result.received === 'error:notconnected')
+        throwElementIsNotAttached();
+      return result.matches;
     };
     await this._markAsTargetElement(progress.metadata);
     if (await isChecked() === state)
@@ -913,10 +915,14 @@ export class ElementHandle<T extends Node = Node> extends js.JSHandle<T> {
 
 export function throwRetargetableDOMError<T>(result: T | 'error:notconnected'): T {
   if (result === 'error:notconnected')
-    throw new Error('Element is not attached to the DOM');
+    throwElementIsNotAttached();
   return result;
 }
 
+export function throwElementIsNotAttached(): never {
+  throw new Error('Element is not attached to the DOM');
+}
+
 export function assertDone(result: 'done'): void {
   // This function converts 'done' to void and ensures typescript catches unhandled errors.
 }
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
index ad793aded8..1d2098b92c 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
@@ -1301,7 +1301,9 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject {
     const result = await this._callOnElementOnceMatches(metadata, selector, (injected, element, data) => {
       return injected.elementState(element, data.state);
     }, { state }, options, scope);
-    return dom.throwRetargetableDOMError(result);
+    if (result.received === 'error:notconnected')
+      dom.throwElementIsNotAttached();
+    return result.matches;
   }
 
   async isVisible(metadata: CallMetadata, selector: string, options: types.StrictOptions = {}, scope?: dom.ElementHandle): Promise<boolean> {
@@ -1319,8 +1321,8 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject {
         return false;
       return await resolved.injected.evaluate((injected, { info, root }) => {
         const element = injected.querySelector(info.parsed, root || document, info.strict);
-        const state = element ? injected.elementState(element, 'visible') : false;
-        return state === 'error:notconnected' ? false : state;
+        const state = element ? injected.elementState(element, 'visible') : { matches: false, received: 'error:notconnected' };
+        return state.matches;
       }, { info: resolved.info, root: resolved.frame === this ? scope : undefined });
     } catch (e) {
       if (js.isJavaScriptErrorInEvaluate(e) || isInvalidSelectorError(e) || isSessionClosedError(e))
@@ -1809,26 +1811,6 @@ function verifyLifecycle(name: string, waitUntil: types.LifecycleEvent): types.L
 }
 
 function renderUnexpectedValue(expression: string, received: any): string {
-  if (expression === 'to.be.checked')
-    return received ? 'checked' : 'unchecked';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.unchecked')
-    return received ? 'unchecked' : 'checked';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.visible')
-    return received ? 'visible' : 'hidden';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.hidden')
-    return received ? 'hidden' : 'visible';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.enabled')
-    return received ? 'enabled' : 'disabled';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.disabled')
-    return received ? 'disabled' : 'enabled';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.editable')
-    return received ? 'editable' : 'readonly';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.readonly')
-    return received ? 'readonly' : 'editable';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.empty')
-    return received ? 'empty' : 'not empty';
-  if (expression === 'to.be.focused')
-    return received ? 'focused' : 'not focused';
   if (expression === 'to.match.aria')
     return received ? received.raw : received;
   return received;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/injected/injectedScript.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/injected/injectedScript.ts
index 4042ab5b49..0acc9bc76c 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/injected/injectedScript.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/injected/injectedScript.ts
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ import { parseYamlTemplate } from '@isomorphic/ariaSnapshot';
 
 export type FrameExpectParams = Omit<channels.FrameExpectParams, 'expectedValue'> & { expectedValue?: any };
 
-export type ElementStateWithoutStable = 'visible' | 'hidden' | 'enabled' | 'disabled' | 'editable' | 'checked' | 'unchecked';
-export type ElementState = ElementStateWithoutStable | 'stable';
+export type ElementState = 'visible' | 'hidden' | 'enabled' | 'disabled' | 'editable' | 'checked' | 'unchecked' | 'mixed' | 'stable';
+export type ElementStateWithoutStable = Exclude<ElementState, 'stable'>;
+export type ElementStateQueryResult = { matches: boolean, received?: string | 'error:notconnected' };
 
 export type HitTargetInterceptionResult = {
   stop: () => 'done' | { hitTargetDescription: string };
@@ -545,15 +546,15 @@ export class InjectedScript {
       if (stableResult === false)
         return { missingState: 'stable' };
       if (stableResult === 'error:notconnected')
-        return stableResult;
+        return 'error:notconnected';
     }
     for (const state of states) {
       if (state !== 'stable') {
         const result = this.elementState(node, state);
-        if (result === false)
+        if (result.received === 'error:notconnected')
+          return 'error:notconnected';
+        if (!result.matches)
           return { missingState: state };
-        if (result === 'error:notconnected')
-          return result;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -608,38 +609,50 @@ export class InjectedScript {
     return result;
   }
 
-  elementState(node: Node, state: ElementStateWithoutStable): boolean | 'error:notconnected' {
-    const element = this.retarget(node, ['stable', 'visible', 'hidden'].includes(state) ? 'none' : 'follow-label');
+  elementState(node: Node, state: ElementStateWithoutStable): ElementStateQueryResult {
+    const element = this.retarget(node, ['visible', 'hidden'].includes(state) ? 'none' : 'follow-label');
     if (!element || !element.isConnected) {
       if (state === 'hidden')
-        return true;
-      return 'error:notconnected';
+        return { matches: true, received: 'hidden' };
+      return { matches: false, received: 'error:notconnected' };
     }
 
-    if (state === 'visible')
-      return isElementVisible(element);
-    if (state === 'hidden')
-      return !isElementVisible(element);
+    if (state === 'visible' || state === 'hidden') {
+      const visible = isElementVisible(element);
+      return {
+        matches: state === 'visible' ? visible : !visible,
+        received: visible ? 'visible' : 'hidden'
+      };
+    }
 
-    const disabled = getAriaDisabled(element);
-    if (state === 'disabled')
-      return disabled;
-    if (state === 'enabled')
-      return !disabled;
+    if (state === 'disabled' || state === 'enabled') {
+      const disabled = getAriaDisabled(element);
+      return {
+        matches: state === 'disabled' ? disabled : !disabled,
+        received: disabled ? 'disabled' : 'enabled'
+      };
+    }
 
     if (state === 'editable') {
+      const disabled = getAriaDisabled(element);
       const readonly = getReadonly(element);
       if (readonly === 'error')
         throw this.createStacklessError('Element is not an <input>, <textarea>, <select> or [contenteditable] and does not have a role allowing [aria-readonly]');
-      return !disabled && !readonly;
+      return {
+        matches: !disabled && !readonly,
+        received: disabled ? 'disabled' : readonly ? 'readOnly' : 'editable'
+      };
     }
 
-    if (state === 'checked' || state === 'unchecked') {
-      const need = state === 'checked';
+    if (state === 'checked' || state === 'unchecked' || state === 'mixed') {
+      const need = state === 'checked' ? true : state === 'unchecked' ? false : 'mixed';
       const checked = getChecked(element, false);
       if (checked === 'error')
         throw this.createStacklessError('Not a checkbox or radio button');
-      return need === checked;
+      return {
+        matches: need === checked,
+        received: checked === true ? 'checked' : checked === false ? 'unchecked' : 'mixed',
+      };
     }
     throw this.createStacklessError(`Unexpected element state "${state}"`);
   }
@@ -1220,44 +1233,60 @@ export class InjectedScript {
 
     {
       // Element state / boolean values.
-      let elementState: boolean | 'error:notconnected' | 'error:notcheckbox' | undefined;
+      let result: ElementStateQueryResult | undefined;
       if (expression === 'to.have.attribute') {
-        elementState = element.hasAttribute(options.expressionArg);
+        const hasAttribute = element.hasAttribute(options.expressionArg);
+        result = {
+          matches: hasAttribute,
+          received: hasAttribute ? 'attribute present' : 'attribute not present',
+        };
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.checked') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'checked');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'checked');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.unchecked') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'unchecked');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'unchecked');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.disabled') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'disabled');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'disabled');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.editable') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'editable');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'editable');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.readonly') {
-        elementState = !this.elementState(element, 'editable');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'editable');
+        result.matches = !result.matches;
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.empty') {
-        if (element.nodeName === 'INPUT' || element.nodeName === 'TEXTAREA')
-          elementState = !(element as HTMLInputElement).value;
-        else
-          elementState = !element.textContent?.trim();
+        if (element.nodeName === 'INPUT' || element.nodeName === 'TEXTAREA') {
+          const value = (element as HTMLInputElement).value;
+          result = { matches: !value, received: value ? 'notEmpty' : 'empty' };
+        } else {
+          const text = element.textContent?.trim();
+          result = { matches: !text, received: text ? 'notEmpty' : 'empty' };
+        }
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.enabled') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'enabled');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'enabled');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.focused') {
-        elementState = this._activelyFocused(element).isFocused;
+        const focused = this._activelyFocused(element).isFocused;
+        result = {
+          matches: focused,
+          received: focused ? 'focused' : 'inactive',
+        };
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.hidden') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'hidden');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'hidden');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.visible') {
-        elementState = this.elementState(element, 'visible');
+        result = this.elementState(element, 'visible');
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.attached') {
-        elementState = true;
+        result = {
+          matches: true,
+          received: 'attached',
+        };
       } else if (expression === 'to.be.detached') {
-        elementState = false;
+        result = {
+          matches: false,
+          received: 'attached',
+        };
       }
 
-      if (elementState !== undefined) {
-        if (elementState === 'error:notcheckbox')
-          throw this.createStacklessError('Element is not a checkbox');
-        if (elementState === 'error:notconnected')
+      if (result) {
+        if (result.received === 'error:notconnected')
           throw this.createStacklessError('Element is not connected');
-        return { received: elementState, matches: elementState };
+        return result;
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/matchers/matchers.ts b/packages/playwright/src/matchers/matchers.ts
index 3962c0cae9..1e3aef132a 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/matchers/matchers.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/matchers/matchers.ts
@@ -42,9 +42,8 @@ export function toBeAttached(
 ) {
   const attached = !options || options.attached === undefined || options.attached;
   const expected = attached ? 'attached' : 'detached';
-  const unexpected = attached ? 'detached' : 'attached';
   const arg = attached ? '' : '{ attached: false }';
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeAttached', locator, 'Locator', expected, unexpected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeAttached', locator, 'Locator', expected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect(attached ? 'to.be.attached' : 'to.be.detached', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -56,9 +55,8 @@ export function toBeChecked(
 ) {
   const checked = !options || options.checked === undefined || options.checked;
   const expected = checked ? 'checked' : 'unchecked';
-  const unexpected = checked ? 'unchecked' : 'checked';
   const arg = checked ? '' : '{ checked: false }';
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeChecked', locator, 'Locator', expected, unexpected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeChecked', locator, 'Locator', expected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect(checked ? 'to.be.checked' : 'to.be.unchecked', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ export function toBeDisabled(
   locator: LocatorEx,
   options?: { timeout?: number },
 ) {
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeDisabled', locator, 'Locator', 'disabled', 'enabled', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeDisabled', locator, 'Locator', 'disabled', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect('to.be.disabled', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -80,9 +78,8 @@ export function toBeEditable(
 ) {
   const editable = !options || options.editable === undefined || options.editable;
   const expected = editable ? 'editable' : 'readOnly';
-  const unexpected = editable ? 'readOnly' : 'editable';
   const arg = editable ? '' : '{ editable: false }';
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEditable', locator, 'Locator', expected, unexpected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEditable', locator, 'Locator', expected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect(editable ? 'to.be.editable' : 'to.be.readonly', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ export function toBeEmpty(
   locator: LocatorEx,
   options?: { timeout?: number },
 ) {
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEmpty', locator, 'Locator', 'empty', 'notEmpty', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEmpty', locator, 'Locator', 'empty', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect('to.be.empty', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -104,9 +101,8 @@ export function toBeEnabled(
 ) {
   const enabled = !options || options.enabled === undefined || options.enabled;
   const expected = enabled ? 'enabled' : 'disabled';
-  const unexpected = enabled ? 'disabled' : 'enabled';
   const arg = enabled ? '' : '{ enabled: false }';
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEnabled', locator, 'Locator', expected, unexpected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeEnabled', locator, 'Locator', expected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect(enabled ? 'to.be.enabled' : 'to.be.disabled', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -116,7 +112,7 @@ export function toBeFocused(
   locator: LocatorEx,
   options?: { timeout?: number },
 ) {
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeFocused', locator, 'Locator', 'focused', 'inactive', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeFocused', locator, 'Locator', 'focused', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect('to.be.focused', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ export function toBeHidden(
   locator: LocatorEx,
   options?: { timeout?: number },
 ) {
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeHidden', locator, 'Locator', 'hidden', 'visible', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeHidden', locator, 'Locator', 'hidden', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect('to.be.hidden', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -138,9 +134,8 @@ export function toBeVisible(
 ) {
   const visible = !options || options.visible === undefined || options.visible;
   const expected = visible ? 'visible' : 'hidden';
-  const unexpected = visible ? 'hidden' : 'visible';
   const arg = visible ? '' : '{ visible: false }';
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeVisible', locator, 'Locator', expected, unexpected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeVisible', locator, 'Locator', expected, arg, async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect(visible ? 'to.be.visible' : 'to.be.hidden', { isNot, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -150,7 +145,7 @@ export function toBeInViewport(
   locator: LocatorEx,
   options?: { timeout?: number, ratio?: number },
 ) {
-  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeInViewport', locator, 'Locator', 'in viewport', 'outside viewport', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+  return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toBeInViewport', locator, 'Locator', 'in viewport', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
     return await locator._expect('to.be.in.viewport', { isNot, expectedNumber: options?.ratio, timeout });
   }, options);
 }
@@ -232,7 +227,7 @@ export function toHaveAttribute(
     }
   }
   if (expected === undefined) {
-    return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toHaveAttribute', locator, 'Locator', 'have attribute', 'not have attribute', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
+    return toBeTruthy.call(this, 'toHaveAttribute', locator, 'Locator', 'have attribute', '', async (isNot, timeout) => {
       return await locator._expect('to.have.attribute', { expressionArg: name, isNot, timeout });
     }, options);
   }
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/matchers/toBeTruthy.ts b/packages/playwright/src/matchers/toBeTruthy.ts
index abe00a8852..0075dd5a64 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/matchers/toBeTruthy.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/matchers/toBeTruthy.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ export async function toBeTruthy(
   receiver: Locator,
   receiverType: string,
   expected: string,
-  unexpected: string,
   arg: string,
   query: (isNot: boolean, timeout: number) => Promise<{ matches: boolean, log?: string[], received?: any, timedOut?: boolean }>,
   options: { timeout?: number } = {},
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ export async function toBeTruthy(
   }
 
   const notFound = received === kNoElementsFoundError ? received : undefined;
-  const actual = pass ? expected : unexpected;
   let printedReceived: string | undefined;
   let printedExpected: string | undefined;
   if (pass) {
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ export async function toBeTruthy(
     printedReceived = `Received: ${notFound ? kNoElementsFoundError : expected}`;
   } else {
     printedExpected = `Expected: ${expected}`;
-    printedReceived = `Received: ${notFound ? kNoElementsFoundError : unexpected}`;
+    printedReceived = `Received: ${notFound ? kNoElementsFoundError : received}`;
   }
   const message = () => {
     const header = matcherHint(this, receiver, matcherName, 'locator', arg, matcherOptions, timedOut ? timeout : undefined);
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ export async function toBeTruthy(
   return {
     message,
     pass,
-    actual,
+    actual: received,
     name: matcherName,
     expected,
     log,
diff --git a/tests/page/expect-matcher-result.spec.ts b/tests/page/expect-matcher-result.spec.ts
index 20dd0a102b..2059e8401b 100644
--- a/tests/page/expect-matcher-result.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/page/expect-matcher-result.spec.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ test('toBeTruthy-based assertions should have matcher result', async ({ page })
     const e = await expect(page.locator('#node2')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 1 }).catch(e => e);
     e.matcherResult.message = stripAnsi(e.matcherResult.message);
     expect.soft(e.matcherResult).toEqual({
-      actual: 'hidden',
+      actual: '<element(s) not found>',
       expected: 'visible',
       message: expect.stringContaining(`Timed out 1ms waiting for expect(locator).toBeVisible()`),
       name: 'toBeVisible',